Tag: cardiac CT

More Support for Cardiac CT’s Value

Posted on by Brian Casey

A new study in Radiology offers more support for the value of CT-based coronary artery calcium scoring, finding that people with higher CAC scores had worse outcomes, and suggesting that those with scores of 0 could potentially avoid invasive coronary angiography. 

Evidence has been building that by measuring calcium buildup in the heart, CAC scores can predict clinical outcomes, in particular major adverse cardiac events, particularly in patients with stable chest. 

  • Studies ranging from MESA to SCOT-HEART to PROMISE have found that patients with CAC scores of 0 have MACE risk that’s lower than 2% – meaning they could be discharged without further invasive workup. 

The new study is an update to the DISCHARGE trial, which in 2022 published results comparing a CT-first evaluation strategy to one with invasive coronary angiography. The new study investigates the value of CAC scoring by analyzing its prognostic power in patients with stable chest pain who were referred for invasive coronary angiography. 

  • The DISCHARGE study is notable for its diversity – 26 clinical centers in 16 European countries – as well as its use of 13 different models of CT scanners from all four major CT OEMs from 2015 to 2019. 

In all, 1.7k patients were studied, and CAC scores were generated based on CT scans and used to stratify patients into one of three groups; they were then followed for 3.5 years and rates of MACE were correlated to CAC levels, finding … 

  • Patients with CAC scores of 0 had the lowest rates of MACE compared to those with scores of 1-399 and ≥400 (0.5% vs. 1.9% & 6.8%)
  • Rising CAC scores corresponded to higher prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease (0=4.1% vs. 1-399=29.7% & ≥400=76%)
  • Revascularization rates rose with CAC scores (0=1.7% vs. ≥400=46.2%)

While the authors steered away from commenting on the study’s impact on clinical management, the findings – if confirmed with additional studies – suggest that stable chest pain patients may not need invasive coronary angiography.

  • And in another interesting wrinkle to the study, the researchers pointed out that 57% of the DISCHARGE study’s patient population were women, a fact that addresses sex bias in previous research. 

The Takeaway

The DISCHARGE study’s findings are yet another feather in the cap for cardiac CT, with higher CAC scores indicating the long-term presence of atherosclerosis. Should they be confirmed, individuals with stable chest pain in the future will benefit from less invasive – and less expensive – management.

CT First for Chest Pain

Posted on by Brian Casey

CT should be used first to evaluate patients with stable chest pain who are suspected of having a heart attack. That’s the message of a paper being presented this week at the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Summit in Washington, DC.

CT is proving itself useful for a variety of applications in cardiac imaging, from predicting heart disease risk through coronary calcium scores to assessing whether people with chest pain need treatment like invasive angiography – or can be sent home and monitored.

  • But cardiac CT often runs up against decades of clinical practice that relies on tools like stress testing or diagnostic invasive coronary angiography for evaluating patients, with the CT-first strategy reserved for a limited number of people, such as those with unestablished coronary artery disease. 

But the new study suggests that the CT-first approach could be used for the vast majority of patients presenting with stable chest pain. 

  • A research team led by senior author Markus Scherer, MD, of Atrium Health-Sanger Heart & Vascular Institute in Charlotte, North Carolina tested the strategy in 786 patients seen from October 2022 to June 2023 who had no prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease and underwent elective invasive angiography to evaluate suspected angina.

The CT-first strategy compared CT angiography with provisional FFRCT testing to traditional evaluation pathways, which included stress echo, stress myocardial perfusion imaging, stress MRI, or no invasive testing before direct referral to angiography. Revascularization rates by strategy were as follows … 

  • 62% for CT-first
  • 50% for stress MRI
  • 40% for stress echo
  • 34% for no prior test
  • 31% for stress MPI

The Takeaway

The results presented this week offer real-world evidence that support recent clinical studies backing broader use of CT for patients with chest pain. Given CT’s advantages in terms of cost and noninvasiveness, the findings raise the question of whether more can be done to get clinicians to adhere to established guidelines calling for a CT-first protocol. 

Fine-Tuning Cardiac CT

Posted on by Brian Casey

CT has established itself as an excellent cardiac imaging modality. But there can still be some fine-tuning in terms of exactly how and when to use it, especially for assessing people presenting with chest pain. 

Two studies in JAMA Cardiology tackle this head-on, presenting new evidence that supports a more conservative – and precise – approach to determining which patients get follow-up testing. The studies also address concerns that using coronary CT angiography (CCTA) as an initial test before invasive catheterization could lead to unnecessary testing.

In the PRECISE study, researchers analyzed 2.1k patients from 2018 to 2021 who had stable symptoms of suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients were randomized to a usual testing strategy (such as cardiac SPECT or stress echo), or a precision strategy that employed CCTA with selected fractional flow reserve CT (FFR-CT). 

The precision strategy group was further subdivided into a subgroup of those at minimal risk of cardiac events (20%) for whom testing was deferred to see if utilization could be reduced even further. In the precision strategy group….

  • Rates of invasive catheterization without coronary obstruction were lower (4% vs. 11%)
  • Testing was lower versus the usual testing group (84% vs. 94%)
  • Positive tests were more common (18% vs. 13%)
  • 64% of the deferred-testing subgroup got no testing at all
  • Adverse events were higher, but the difference was not statistically significant

To expand on the analysis, JAMA Cardiology published a related study that further investigated the safety of the deferred-testing strategy at one-year follow-up. Researchers compared adverse events in the deferred testing group to those who got the usual testing strategy, finding that the deferred testing group had…

  • A lower incidence rate of adverse events (0.9 vs. 5.9)
  • A lower rate of invasive cardiac cath without obstructive CAD per 100 patient years (1.0 vs. 6.5)

The results from both studies show that a strategy of deferring testing for low-risk CAD patients while sending higher-risk patients to CCTA and FFR-CT is clinically effective with no adverse impact on patient safety.

The Takeaway
The new findings don’t take any of the luster off cardiac CT; they simply add to the body of knowledge demonstrating when to use – and not to use – this incredibly powerful tool for directing patient care. And in the emerging era of precision medicine, that’s what it’s all about.

CT Flexes Muscles in Heart

Posted on by Brian Casey

CT continues to flex its muscles as a tool for predicting heart disease risk, in large measure due to its prowess for coronary artery calcium scoring. In JAMA, a new paper found CT-derived CAC scores to be more effective in predicting coronary heart disease than genetic scores when added to traditional risk scoring. 

Traditional risk scoring – based on factors such as cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and smoking status – has done a good job of directing cholesterol-lowering statin therapy to people at risk of future cardiac events. But these scores still provide an imprecise estimate of coronary heart disease risk. 

Two relatively new tools for improving CHD risk prediction are CAC scoring from CT scans and polygenic risk factors, based on genetic variants that could predispose people toward heart disease. But the impact of either of these tools (or both together) when added to traditional risk scoring hasn’t been investigated. 

To answer this question, researchers analyzed the impact of both types of scoring on participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (1,991 people) and the Rotterdam Study (1,217 people). CHD risk was predicted based on both CAC and PRS and then compared to actual CHD events over the long term. 

They also tracked how accurate both tools were in reclassifying people into different risk categories (higher than 7.5% risk calls for statins). Findings included: 

  • Both CAC scores and PRS were effective in predicting 10-year risk of CHD in the MESA dataset (HR=2.60 for CAC score, HR=1.43 for PRS). Scores were slightly lower but similar in the Rotterdam Study
  • The C statistic was higher for CAC scoring than PRS (0.76 vs. 0.69; 0.7 indicates a “good” model and 0.8 a “strong” model) 
  • The improved accuracy in reclassifying patient risk was statistically significant when CAC was added to traditional factors (half of study participants moved into the high-risk group), but not when PRS was added  

The Takeaway 

This study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting cardiac CT as a prognostic tool for heart disease, and reinforces CT’s prowess in the heart. The findings also support the growing chorus in favor of using CT as a screening tool in cases of intermediate or uncertain risk for future heart disease.

Cardiac Imaging in 2040

Posted on by Brian Casey

What will cardiac imaging look like in 2040? It will be more automated and preventive, and CT will continue to play a major – and growing – role.

That’s according to an April 11 article in Radiology in which Dr. David Bluemke and Dr. João Lima look into the future and offer a top 10 list of major developments in cardiovascular imaging in 2040.

Cardiovascular disease carries a massive medical burden, with over 800,000 myocardial infarctions occurring annually in the US alone. By 2030 almost one-third of deaths worldwide are expected to be due to cardiovascular disease.

Multiple different imaging modalities are adept at identifying both ischemic and nonischemic heart disease, but CT has risen to the top for ischemic imaging, making “quantum” advances in the last decade thanks to its growing prowess in the coronary arteries.

CT’s advances have been so great that the modality occupies seven of the top 10 spots on Bluemke and Lima’s list. In brief, they see: 

  • Coronary CTA becoming totally automated, a development that will no doubt benefit AI developers like HeartFlow (see below).
  • CCTA becoming a preventive tool rather than a gatekeeper to interventional cardiology (also hinted at in a recent study from Denmark). For example, CCTA will be used to track the effectiveness of statin therapy
  • Photon-counting CT flexing its muscles for coronary artery evaluation and routine plaque characterization and quantification
  • Next-generation cardiac CT becoming more like MRI
  • Next-generation cardiac MRI becoming more like CT
Table of Top 10 Cardiovascular Imaging Developments by 2040

They also see a major growing role for software-assisted cardiac CT with AI and other tools. Software-based automation has simplified the “postprocessing nightmares” once common with coronary CT, making it “wonderfully ordinary” to perform. 

The Takeaway

Bluemke and Lima offer a fascinating glimpse of cardiac imaging’s future. But one area they don’t touch on is whether CT’s rising prominence means radiologists will start taking back turf in heart imaging once ceded to cardiologists. Heart specialists haven’t taken over cardiac CT in the same way that they monopolized echocardiography and nuclear cardiology. Could we be seeing a renaissance of radiology in the heart?

Chest Pain Implications

Posted on by Jake Fishman

The major cardiac imaging societies weighed-in on the AHA/ACC’s new Chest Pain Guidelines, highlighting the notable shifts coming to cardiac imaging, and the adjustments they could require.

The cardiac CT and MRI societies took a victory lap, highlighting CCTA and CMR’s now-greater role in chest pain diagnosis, while forecasting that the new guideline will bring:

  • Increased demand for cardiac CT & MR exams and scanners
  • A need for more cardiac CT & MR staff, training, and infrastructure
  • Requests for more cardiac CT & MR funding and reimbursements
  • More collaborations across radiology, cardiology, and emergency medicine

The angiography and nuclear cardiology societies were less celebratory. Rather than warning providers to start buying more scanners and training more techs (like CT & MR), they focused on defending their roles in chest pain diagnosis, reiterating their advantages, and pointing out how the new guidelines might incorrectly steer patients to unnecessary or insufficient tests.

FFR-CT’s new role as a key post-CT diagnostic step made headlines when the guidelines came out, but the cardiac imaging societies don’t seem to be ready to welcome the AI approach. The nuclear cardiology and radiology societies called out FFR-CT’s low adoption and limited supporting evidence, while the SCCT didn’t even mention FFR-CT in its statement (and they’re the cardiac CT society!).

Echocardiography maintained its core role in chest pain diagnosis, but the echo society clearly wanted more specific guidelines around who can perform echo and how well they’re trained to perform those exams. That reaction is understandable given the sonographer workforce challenges and the expansion of cardiac POCUS to new clinical roles (w/ less echo training), although some might argue that echo AI tools might help address these problems.

The Takeaway

Imaging and shared decision-making play a prominent role in the new chest pain guidelines, which seems like good news for patient-specific care (and imaging department/vendor revenues), but it also leaves room for debate within the clinic and across clinical societies. 

The JACC seems to understand that it needs to clear up many of these gray areas in future versions of the chest pain guidelines. Until then, it will be up to providers to create decision-making and care pathways that work best for them, and evolve their teams and technologies accordingly.

A CT-First Approach to CAD

Posted on by Jake Fishman

A major new study from the DISCHARGE Trial Group showed that coronary CT is as effective as invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for the management of patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), potentially challenging current guidelines. 

Background – Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is the reference standard for diagnosing and managing CAD and it’s performed over 3.5 million times each year in the European Union alone (many more millions globally). However, over 60% of these exams prove negative and theoretically could have been diagnosed via non-invasive CT exams.

The Study – The randomized, multi-center trial (26 sites, 16 EU countries) used CT or ICA as the initial diagnostic and treatment guidance exam for 3,523 patients with stable chest pain and intermediate probability of obstructive CAD (1,808 patients w/ CT). By the end of the study’s 3.5-year follow-up period, patients in the CT group had: 

  • A lower rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (2.1% vs. 3% w/ ICA)
  • A far lower major procedure-related complication rate (0.5% vs. 1.9% w/ ICA)
  • A slightly higher rate of reported angina (8.8% vs. 7.5% w/ ICA)

The Takeaway

These results suggest that following a CT-first strategy for evaluating patients with a medium risk of CAD produces similar longer-term outcomes as the current ICA-first strategy (maybe even better outcomes), while significantly reducing major complications and unnecessary cath lab procedures.

That’s pretty compelling and could actually influence procedural changes, given the size / credibility of the DISCHARGE Trial Group and the fact that CT was already proposed in the Chest Pain Guidelines as a gatekeeper for invasive coronary angiography.

One-Stop Cardiac CT

Posted on by Jake Fishman

A new Radiology Journal study found that combining Triple-rule-out CT (TRO CT) with Late Contrast Enhancement CT (LCE CT) significantly improves acute chest pain diagnosis.

Background – It’s traditionally been challenging to diagnose patients with acute chest pain and mild troponin rise, as TRO CT is effective for several key diagnoses (coronary artery disease, acute aortic syndrome, pulmonary embolism) but can’t identify nonvascular causes of myocardial injury.

The Study – The researchers examined 84 troponin-positive patients with acute chest pain using TRO CT, and then performed LCE CT exams on the 42 patients who had negative/inconclusive results. 

The Results – The added LCE CT exams revealed positive/conclusive findings in 34 of the 42 previously-negative/inconclusive patients (including 22 w/ myocarditis), improving overall diagnostic rates from 50% to 90% (from 42/84 to 76/84).

The Takeaway – This new TRO CT + LCE CT protocol could make cardiac CT a “one-stop shop” for diagnosing acute chest pain, eliminating the need for follow-up MRI exams and allowing faster diagnoses. That’s especially notable considering that CT is already recommended for patients with low-risk acute chest pain (to exclude CAD) and was recently proposed as a gatekeeper for invasive coronary angiography.

UCSF Automates CAC Scoring

Posted on by Jake Fishman

UCSF is now using AI to automatically screen all of its routine non-contrast chest CTs for elevated coronary artery calcium scores (CAC scores), representing a major milestone for an AI use case that was previously limited to academic studies and future business strategies.

UCSF’s Deployment – UCSF becomes the first medical center to deploy the end-to-end AI CAC scoring system that it developed with Stanford and Bunkerhill Health earlier this year. The new system automatically identifies elevated CAC scores in non-gated / non-contrast chest CTs, creating an “opportunistic screening pathway” that allows UCSF physicians to identify high-CAC patients and get them into treatment.

Why This is a Big Deal – Over 20m chest CTs are performed in the U.S. annually and each of those scans contains insights into patients’ cardiac health. However, an AI model like this would be required to extract cardiac data from the majority of CT scans (CAC isn’t visible to humans in non-gated CTs) and efficiently interpret them (there’s far too many images). This AI system’s path from academic research to clinical deployment seems like a big deal too.

The Commercial Impact – Most health systems don’t have the AI firepower of Stanford and UCSF, but they certainly produce plenty of chest CTs and should want to identify more high-risk patients while treatable (especially if they’re also risk holders). Meanwhile, there’s growing commercial efforts from companies like Cleerly and Nanox.AI to create opportunistic CAC screening pathways for all these health systems that can’t develop their own CAC AI workflows (or prefer not to).

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